Government

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For the 'government' in parliamentary systems, see Executive (government) A 'government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporation, religious, academic, or other organization or group. Columbia Encyclopedia, Government, Columbia University Press.

Depending on closeness to those who are governed and their holds all the power, a government consists of different levels including: local governments, regional governments and national governments. This category includes absolute monarchy, as well as dictatorships.

In Oligarchy power is held by a small group of people who share the same interests.
Democracy are governments where the people as a whole, hold the power. It may be exercised by them (direct democracy), or through representatives chosen by them (representative democracy).
Anarchy is a lack of government or imposed rule.

The boundaries between the above forms of government are not absolutely clear. For example, during the 19th century, many proclaimed "democracies" restricted voting rights to a minority of the population (e.g. property-owning males). This could qualify them as oligarchies, rather than as democracies. On the other hand, the non voting minority was often quite large (20-30% of the population) and its members did not form a voting group with common interests. This is seen as the hallmark of most oligarchies. Thus, this form of government occupied a space between democracy and oligarchy as they are understood today.

Force theory Many Political philosophy that are opposed to the existence of a government (such as anarchism, nihilism and to a lesser extent Marxism, as well as others), emphasize the historical roots of governments - the fact that governments, along with private property, originated from the authority of warlords and despots who took, by force land as their own (and began exercising authority over the people living on that land). Thus, it is sometimes argued that governments exist to enforce the will of the strong and oppress the weak, maintaining and protecting the privilege of a ruling class. It states that the government emerged when all the people of an area were brought under the authority of one person or group.

Order and tradition The various forms of conservatism, by contrast, generally see the government as a positive force that brings order out of chaos, establishes laws to end the "Bellum omnium contra omnes", encourages moral virtue, while punishing vice, and respects tradition. Sometimes, in this view, the government is seen as something ordained by a higher power, as in the divine right of kings, which human beings have a duty to obey.

Natural rights Natural rights are the basis for the theory of government shared by most branches of liberalism (including libertarianism). In this view, human beings are born with certain natural rights, and governments are established strictly for the purpose of protecting those rights. What the natural rights actually are is a matter of dispute among liberals; indeed, each branch of liberalism has its own set of rights that it considers to be natural, and these rights are sometimes mutually exclusive with the rights supported by other liberals. As a result, there is some debate between natural rights theorists, ranging from modern writers such as Tibor Machan to Age of Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, Immanuel Kant, or Thomas Jefferson. Today, natural rights are the basis for many issues involving the scope of governmental powers.

Fiduciary Control

International equity expert Professor Paul Finn has underlined, “the most fundamental fiduciary relationship in our society is manifestly that which exists between the community (the people) and the state, its agencies and officials. "

Many suggest the basic problem of stopping Human Rights violations and political negligence stems from the lack of understanding by media and politicians on the laws of fiduciary control. In equity fiduciary control suggests obligations that not only comprise of duties of good faith and loyalty, but also include duties of skill and competence in managing the people's interests. After all, Government is a trust structure created by people to manage certain services within society with the politicians depended on by the people to do that task. Therefore the relationship between government (and it's politicians) and the governed is clearly a fiduciary one.

Rules such as Sovereign Immunity and Crown and Judicial Immunity are now being targeted as the very the tools of oppression that are preventing victims from taking action against the people controlling the country who are causing the failure of care. (Originating from within the Courts of Equity, the fiduciary concept was partly designed to prevent those holding positions of power from abusing their authority.)

This new thinking suggests anyone accepting any political or government control over the interests of people should be judged by the most exacting fiduciary standards given politicians are the most important fiduciaries in any society given they hold power over the people with power that comes from the people through elections. The fiduciary relationship arises from the government and it's politicians ability to control people with the exercise of that power. In effect the argument is, if politicians have the power to abolish or ignore any rights they should be burdened with the fiduciary duty to protect people's rights because the government (or others engaging politicians on their behalf) would benefit from the exercise of discretion to extinguish rights which it alone had the power to dispose of.

Social Contract One of the most influential theories of government in the past two hundred years has been the social contract, on which modern democracy and most forms of socialism are founded. Contemporary liberalism such as in the United States, also tends to work under a social contract theory. The social contract theory holds that governments are created by the people in order to provide for collective needs (such as safety from crime, invasion, natural disasters) that cannot be properly satisfied using purely individual means. Governments thus exist for the purpose of serving the needs and wishes of the people, and their relationship with the people is clearly stipulated in a "social contract" (a constitution and a set of laws) which both the government and the people must abide by. If a majority is unhappy, it may change the social contract. If a minority is unhappy, it may persuade the majority to change the contract, or it may opt out of it by emigration or secession.

This theory is based on the idea that all men live in a state of nature which is not ideal to perfect harmony. It is also an agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Jefferson are four of the most famous philosophers of contractarianism.

Governmental operations Governments concern themselves with regulating and administering many areas of human activity, such as trade, education, or medicine. Governments also employ different methods to maintain the established order, such as Covert#government secrecy, censorship, police and military forces (particularly under despotism, see also police state), making agreements with other states, and maintaining support within the state. Typical methods of maintaining support and legitimacy include providing the infrastructure for Public administration, justice, transport, communication, social welfare, etc.; claiming support from deity; providing benefits to elites; providing retailing for important posts within the state; limiting the power of the state through laws and constitutions; and appealing to nationalism. The modern standard unit of Territory (country subdivision) is a country. In addition to the meaning used above, the word state can refer either to a government or to its territory. Within a territory, subnational entity may have local governments which do not have the full power of a national government (for example, they will generally lack the authority to Declaration of war or carry out diplomacy).

Different Ideologies of parties hold different ideas on what the government should or should not do. One political spectrum related to the role of government is that of personal Freedom (political), from authoritarianism to liberalism to libertarianism. Economic policy can range from a command economy to laissez-faire, with most countries using some form of mixed economy with various degrees of government involvement.

History of government Governments arose with the increasing complexity of Society during the history of recorded civilization - the promulgation of the Code of Hammurabi and Athenian democracy, along with the Roman Republic and Roman Empire, and the formation of states in medieval Europe, are signal events from which understanding of government and politics arose. The early modern era in the West saw the rise of monarchy, revolutions, democracy, and nationalism. Ideologies such as fascism and later Communism during the Cold War in the 20th century influenced government operations. For other parts of the world, particularly the Middle East and Africa, tribal and clan-based governments interacted with religious and colonial forces.

World government A world government is the concept of a political body that would make, interpret and enforce international law. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, world government Its ambition has existed in human history since the ancient times among various kings but it has never been realized.

Inherent to the concept of a world government is the idea that nations would be required to pool or surrender (depending on point of view) sovereignty over some areas. In effect, a world government would add another level of administration above the existing national governments or provide coordination over areas national governments are not capable of adequately addressing as independent polities.

Currently, there has not been a nation to officially put forward plans for a world government, although some people do see international institutions (such as the International Criminal Court, United Nations, and International Monetary Fund) as the beginning elements of a world government system. An organization comprised of legislators from various nations known as Parliamentarians for Global Action have promoted ideas of democracy global governance, though such promotion has varied in its scope and intensity during the organization's history.

Some see the creation of a world government as a negative, dystopic development, often out of concern over totalitarianism or other kind of Global domination.

Notes and references See also Roles

Governor
Head of State
Leadership
Premier
Monarch
Statesman

Relevant lists

List of fictional governments

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